Malachite green (MG) is a dye used widely as a textile colorant and biological stain. It was also a remarkably effective fungicide used in aquaculture operations until the turn of the 21^st century. MG is acutely toxic to fish and mammals, and it and its metabolites persist in the flesh, making it a threat to the human food chain. The EU has concluded that contaminated foods containing levels higher than 2 μg/g MG constitute a credible health risk, and several countries have banned malachite green as an aquaculture additive. Despite tight regulation, seafood products contaminated with MG continue to find their way to consumers from illegal operations that evade strict oversight procedures and health safety standards.

Using Misa (Metrohm Instant SERS Analyzer) to ensure food safety, the rapid and highly sensitive detection of malachite green is achieved in a facile assay format.

Many food matrices require complicated sample digestion and extraction procedures. This application note describes a very simple water test that can be performed directly at the aquaculture site, to determine if malachite green is being illegally used as a fungicidal treatment.

To establish a reference spectrum for MG, a pure standard in water is first analyzed using gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). This unique SERS spectrum (Figure 1) can be used to create a library entry for MG.

Overlaid spectra in Figure 2 at each MG concentration show clear detection down to 1 ng/mL.

Detection of malachite green in the field

Fill a clean vial halfway full with Au NPs. Using pipettes, add 2 drops each of aquaculture medium and NaCl solution to Au NPs, then cap and shake the vial gently to mix. Insert into vial attachment on Misa for measurement.

The highly sensitive detection of MG in a potentially difficult test matrix is reduced to a very simple assay with Misa and Au NPs. This analysis requires minimal user training and can be performed on-site for rapid, high-throughput test applications. The lower limit of MG reported here is accurate even below the threshold for permissible levels in contaminated foods, and compares favorably with the detection limit recently reported for MG in commercial aquaculture media.