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水份測定儀

水份測定儀

使用容量法或庫倫法測定的完整解決方案:來自世界領先供應商的滴定儀、配件和專有技術。

無論您有什麼需求 – 我們都有適合您的 Karl Fischer 水份測定儀

我們的 Karl Fischer 卡爾費雪水份測定儀產品系列包括用於常規水份測定的精巧型一體式選擇以及用於對 0.001 至 100% 的水份含量進行容量法和庫侖式 Karl Fischer 卡爾費雪滴定的全自動 Karl Fischer 卡爾費雪系統。使用篩選來選擇您的搜尋並找到最適合您的 Karl Fischer 卡爾費雪水份測定儀。您在尋找電位滴定儀嗎?前往我們的電位滴定儀

尋找 Karl Fischer 卡爾費雪滴定的應用

可靠、準確的測量  KF 水份測定儀的構成要素

Why Metrohm Karl Fischer titrators? – A long history of success

Karl Fischer titration is the preferred method for water content determination in pharmacopeias and countless norms, e.g. ASTM or DIN. Metrohm has been offering reliable solutions for Karl Fischer titration for more than 70 years. Ever since, the instruments have been continuously improved to meet the needs of the users.

  • Get the complete range from compact benchtop solutions to modular automated systems including accessories and software for volumetric and coulometric Karl Fischer titration from one supplier.
  • Rely on Swiss-made quality.
  • Benefit from our global presence in over 80 countries for local support by our service and application experts.

Learn more about KF titration in more than 100 application notes written by our application specialists:

Go to Application Finder

In addition to Karl Fischer titrators, Metrohm also offers a wide range of potentiometric titrators and a robust solution for process analysis.

Potentiometric titrators from Metrohm

Titration process analyzer from Metrohm

Karl Fischer titrator – FAQs

What is Karl Fischer titration?

Karl Fischer (KF) titration is one of the most tried and trusted methods for measuring both free and bound water content. With the KF method, you can, for instance, determine the surface water on crystals as well as the water contained within the crystals. KF titration:

  • can be used for moisture determination (i.e., water content determination) in all sample types: liquids, solids, slurries, and gases
  • works over a wide concentration range from ppm up to 100%
  • is fast and highly selective
  • supplies reproducible and correct results

How does Karl Fischer titration work?

KF titration is based on two redox reactions. Using classical alcohol-based Karl Fischer reagents, the components methanol and sulfur dioxide form an alkyl sulfurous acid. In the presence of water and iodine, the alkyl sulfurous acid is oxidized in a water-consuming reaction. The reaction stops when all the water was consumed and a small excess of iodine indicates the endpoint of the titration.

Karl Fischer titration can be performed manually or fully automated. Metrohm offers various solutions:

  • The OMNIS KF titrator can be extended by an OMNIS Sample Robot to perform up to four fully automated titrations at the same time with automated sample changing for non-stop titration: Go to automation options for OMNIS KF titrators
  • The KF Titrando and the KF Ti-Touch offer the option to add automated thermal sample preparation for samples that cannot be titrated directly: Go to automation options for KF Titrando or KF Ti-Touch

Volumetric vs. coulometric Karl Fischer titration

Two different types of Karl Fischer titration exist: the volumetric method (volumetry) and the coulometric method (coulometry). The table below compares the two methods.

  Volumetric KF titration Coulometric KF titration
Moisture 0.1% to 100%
0.001% to 1%
Sample addition

solid or pasty samples can be added directly into the titration vessel (opening a volumetric titration cell for a short period of time does not falsify the results)

liquid samples are added with syringe through a septum

liquids or gases are added with syringe through a septum: to avoid ambient humidity to enter the titration cell, never open a coulometric cell

Titer determination regularly not necessary
Iodine addition/generation iodine-containing titrant is added via buret produced by a generator electrode by anodic oxidation

Steps for volumetric titration:

  1. Filling of titration vessel with solvent
  2. Pre-titration (conditioning)
  3. Addition of sample (or water standard for titer determination)
  4. Titration with KF reagent

Steps for coulometric titration:

  1. Filling of titration vessel with solvent
  2. Pre-titration (conditioning)
  3. Addition of sample
  4. Titration with generated iodine

Further information

Application bulletin: Volumetric water content determination according to Karl Fischer

Application bulletin: Titer determination in volumetric Karl Fischer titration

Application bulletin: Coulometric water content determination according to Karl Fischer

Learn more about coulometric Karl Fischer titrators

Blog: Titer determination in Karl Fischer titration

Blog: Best practice for electrodes in Karl Fischer titration

Blog: Frequently asked questions in Karl Fischer titration

What equipment is needed to perform Karl Fischer titrations?

To carry out volumetric titrations, you need a KF titrator with a completely equipped titration vessel, indicator electrode, dosing unit, and suitable reagents for volumetric KF titration.

For coulometric titrations, you need a coulometer, with a completely equipped titration cell, indicator electrode, a generator electrode with or without diaphragm, and a reagent suitable for coulometric KF titrations.

Do you want to learn more about KF titration?

Download your free copy here

The free monograph "Water determination by Karl Fischer titration" covers the theoretical aspects such as, reagents, chemical reactions, volumetry and coulometry, detection methods, and side reactions. It then presents water determination in different matrices, such as cosmetics, petrochemical products, plastics, and more.