A typical electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experimental setup consists of an electrochemical cell (the system under investigation), a potentiostat/galvanostat, and a frequency response analyzer (FRA). The FRA applies the sine wave and analyzes the response of the system to determine the impedance of the system.

This Application Note is the second in a seven-part series introducing EIS, covering the basic theory, experimental setups, and more. Part two introduces common experimental setups as well as details of the main experimental parameters.